Divergent and Convergent Plate Margins Comparison

Divergent and Convergent Plate Margins Comparison â€Å"Compare and Contrast the Topographical Features at Divergent and Convergent Plate Margins.† Jenice Culzac According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) â€Å"a tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.†[1] There are two types of plates; Oceanic plates are younger crustal plates with a thickness of 5-9km of mainly basaltic composition and Continental plates are older crustal plates with thickness of 25-90Km of mainly granite composition. The area where two of these plates meet is referred to as a plate boundary. Plate tectonics is a recent theory developed around the late 1960’s from two pre-existing theories; Continental Drift by Alfred Wegener and Seafloor Spreading by Harry Hess. It suggests that the Earth is made up of eight large rigid and thick plates along with smaller ones as shown in Diagram 1 that move slowly and change size. Diagram 1 of a World map showing the tectonic plates and their direction of movement Plate tectonics has three types of plate margins or boundaries named accordingly by the type of movement; towards, away and parallel that occurs at these boundaries. They are Convergent, Divergent and Transform plate margins respectively. Due to these movements, associated landforms altering the world’s topography are created except for at Transform plate margins because the parallel movement of plates only causes the release of energy in the form of earthquakes. The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the topographical features that occur at the Divergent and Convergent plate margins. It is imperative to know what topographical features both these plate margins produce in common at the forefront. Therefore as the discussion goes in depth as to how they are created by different processes, keeping in mind the vision of the end product which is of the same topography will enhance clarity and comprehension. The topographical features that both plate margins produce in common are volcanoes and mountain ranges. A volcano is a mountain like feature that has a vent in which lava, tephra and hot gases are expelled. A mountain range is an area of a series of mountains that are geologically related. Therefore, having established this each plate margin can be dealt with individually. Comparison Convergent plate margin also called Destructive plate margin occurs at a fault where two tectonic plates move towards each other. Due to the nature of the plates involved there can either be subduction in which the area is called a Subduction Zone or a collision in which it is referred to as Collision Zone. Density is the key factor that determines the end result of the plates involved. In the case where the plates moving towards each other are continental and oceanic such as the Indo- Austrlian and Pacific plates respectively. Oceanic plates although having a thickness of 5-9km as compared to continental’s thickness of 25-90km is denser. Hence when an impact occurs as illustrated in Diagram 2 the Oceanic plate subducts under the Continental plate into the mantle and is reabsorbed due to intense heat and pressure. The area at which this occurs is the Subduction Zone. Diagram 2 showing the convergence of an oceanic and a continental plate Lines of weakness referred to as faults can occur within the Continental plate during subduction. As the Oceanic plate subsides water is being taken along with it which produces steam. This build-up of steam adds to the pressure which then forces its way through the faults and allows for magma to erupt violently (referred to as lava when it reaches the Earth’s surface). The lava solidifies due to the cooler surrounding temperatures and forms volcanoes. A chain of these volcanoes is known as the Volcanic Arc. In the example of the plates given, this was how the Cascade Range in North America which is a part of the famously known Pacific Ring of Fire was formed. The frequency of eruptions and viscosity of lava will affect the height and gradient of these volcanoes. Therefore if the lava is less viscous it will run further distances away from the point of origin and create gentler gradients but if the lava is more viscous it will not flow as easily and solidifies at shorter dista nces allowing a faster accumulation. In addition to this scenario we can have the case in which the plates involved at a Convergent plate margin are both Oceanic. The same principle will apply and the denser of the Oceanic plates will subduct. The features produced will have the same general high relief however they are referred to as Island Arc. An example of such is the Japanese Islands where the Pacific and Philippine plates interact. The difference of names is understood if Diagram 2 and Diagram 3 are compared. The volcanoes formed in Diagram 3 are protruding from the Oceanic crust hence the Island (body of small land surrounded by water) term while in Diagram 2 the volcanoes formed protrudes from the continental plate hence the arc is just referred to as volcanic. Diagram 3 showing the convergence of two oceanic plates Volcanoes or volcanic activity are produced at Divergent plate margins regardless of the type of plates involved. When the plates move apart a gap is created which allows the magma to expel and the lava solidifies due to the same conditions as previously mentioned under Oceanic to Oceanic and Oceanic to Continental convergence. Mid ocean ridges are the dominant features formed however within these ridges are the under -water volcanoes. The ridge is indicated in Diagram 4 at the centre where it is labelled. Although the diagram gives the simplicity of an ocean ridge as two parallel lines, in actuality this ocean ridge is an extensive submarine mountain range. Diagram 4 showing the divergence of two oceanic plates The previous point introduces our second common feature, mountain ranges. At the Divergent plate margin the mid oceanic ridge would represent this submarine mountain range. Similarly at Convergent plate margins where Fold Mountains are formed this will represent the mountain ranges as well. These Fold Mountains are formed when two Continental plates travel towards each other. For example Eurasian and Indian plates which will have relatively the same densities. They will collide and fold by compressional forces forming these ranges. This is illustrated in Diagram 5 in which the Continental plate on the right is buckling having collided with the Continental plate on the left thus producing the peaks along the centre of the diagram which represents the mountain range. Diagram 5 showing the convergence of two continental plates With the example of the Continental plates given the Himalayas Mountain Range was formed with peaks of over 8,000 meters in height above sea level. Contrast On the contrary, there are differences between the topographical features of a Convergent and Divergent plate margin. These are Rift Valleys and Ocean Trenches created by divergence and convergence respectively. Rift valleys occur when faults lie at a 120 degrees angle within a Continental plate. When the plates move apart either one of the two scenarios occurs. Scenario one is the pull leaves a segment of the of the Continental plate in the centre which falls below referred to as graben as illustrated in Diagram 6 of the two opposite sides referred to as Horst in the same diagram creating a steep sided narrow valley. Diagram 6 showing the formation of a Rift Valley However, in scenario two instead of the centre segment falling, the lands on either side of the segment can rise due to a release in pressure. Overtime the said segment will reach to a point where it is below sea level causing the land mass to break away from the parent continent and creating a new ocean basin. A perfect illustration of this occurrence is the Great African Rift Valley. Diagram 7 indicates the zone of rifting which runs from Afar Triple Junction to South Mozambique and also offshore of the coast of Mozambique along the Kerimba and Lacerda grabens. Eventually the Somalian plate to the east will be completely separated from the Nubian plate on the west. Diagram 7 showing the location of the Great African Rift Valley Lastly is the ocean trenches formed at subduction zones of Convergent plate margins. According to Merriam Webster online dictionary an ocean trench is â€Å"a long, narrow, deep depression in the ocean bed, typically running parallel to a plate boundary and marking a subduction zone.† The steepness of the trench is reliant on the angle at which it is subducted. The movement and location of an ocean trench is illustrated in Diagrams 2 and 3. Diagram 8 gives a three dimensional view of Puerto Rico’s oceanic trench formed at the Caribbean and North America plate boundary. Diagram 8 of a 3 dimensional representation of the Puerto Rico Trench In summary the Divergent and Convergent plate margins have similar and different topographical features that would have been formed or is still forming as a result of tectonic plate movement. The similarities are volcanoes and mountain ranges while the differences are rift valleys and ocean trenches. Bibliography â€Å"Island.† National Geographic. http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/island/?ar_a=1#page =1(accessed September 30, 2014) Jaegar, Peter. â€Å"Plate Boundaries: Convergent, Divergent and Transform Boundaries.† Education Portal. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/plate-boundaries- convergent- divergent-and-transform-boundaries.html#lesson (accessed October 1, 2014) â€Å"Japan in a subduction zone.†Introduction in the Landforms and Geology of Japan. http://www.glgarcs.net/intro/subduction_2.html (accessed October1, 2014). Nelson, A. Stephan. â€Å"Earth structures, Materials, Systems and Cycles.† Earth System Science. http://www.earthsci.org/processes/geopro/introgeo/introgeo.html (accessed September 21, 2014). May 22 2013. â€Å"Plate tectonics: The ends (and beginnings) of the Earth Part 1.† Why? Because Science, September 30, 2014. http://whybecausescience.com/2013/05/22/plate-tectonics- the-ends-and-beginnings- of-the-earth-part-1/ Watson, J. â€Å"What is tectonic plate?† USGS. Last modified May 5, 1999. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonic.html Wood, James and Alex Gruth. â€Å"East Africas Great Rift Valley: A Complex Rift System.†Geology.com. http://geology.com/articles/east-africa-rift.shtml (accessed October 1, 2014). 1 [1] Watson, J. â€Å"What is tectonic plate?† USGS. Last modified May 5, 1999. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonic.html

Learning Is For Everyone :: essays research papers

Learning is for everyone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The institution called a university, or many times a community college, is an institution that should welcome anyone who is willing to make the effort to face the challenges that it brings. As William A. Henry III writes, “In the real world, though, mostly people go to college to make money';(The Museum of Clear Ideals, 146). I point out that there are a variety of different reasons for which people choose to enter into college. Some of these reasons do include the ability to make a higher income. But many also do so to learn a particular function or get a better understanding of a specific field, or to have an overall deeper knowledge of the world around us. Despite the reasoning behind it, the university experience is one that should be experienced by all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The types of university courses are changing to reflect today’s society. It does vary from college to college, but quite often today a student can just about customize his or her own degree program. This allows someone to study a particular subject or learn more about the area of study that he or she prefers, rather than choosing from a limited amount of concentrations. This evolution within the college cirriculum is excellent especially for those who prefer a career that does not require a degree, but would like to study nonetheless. One should be free to learn what one chooses. Many colleges also allow people to take courses without necessarily being matriculated in a degree program. This is helpful for those taking courses such as foreign languages, basic business, or even arts and crafts-related courses. The idea of the community college is superb, allowing those who don’t have a lot of money to spend on such an investment the opportunity to study at a lower cost. These colleges are also less severe about whom they let in. For example, if someone who did not do well in high school and therefore did not foresee nor have the desire to go to college following graduation, he or she may still be accepted at a community college even years after high school is over. These institutions also tend to accept students who obtained only average grades and therefore did not qualify for more prestige universities. “For American society, the big lie underlying higher education is akin to…that everyone can be above average'; (The Museum of Clear Ideas, 147).

Juan De Sepulveda Belittes the Indians

Juan Sepulveda was a man who strongly felt he could define a person or group as â€Å"civilized or â€Å"barbarians.† Sepulveda’s purpose in his article/primary source analysis was mainly to inform the Spanish about the Native Americans â€Å"barbaric† society and how could either try and convert them to Christianity or destroy them. His audience is mainly the Spanish royalty, and also the Christian community. Sepulveda explains what the government and activity of the Natives are like, and degrades who they are so his audience could have a feeling whether they should be enslaved or converted.During Sepulveda’s article/primary source, he mentions how he saw the government with â€Å"†¦ [No] written laws, but barbarian institutions and customs †¦ what temperance or mercy can you expect from men who are committed to all types of intemperance and base frivolity, and eat human flesh? (lines 17-20).† So far Sepulveda has had nothing positive to say about the Natives, and feels that they are far from civilized. Personally, this doesn’t seem too barbarous because everyone has a custom to something Sepulveda writes in a way that persuades that the natives are basically cavemen who know no better, compared to the Spanish norms.Although he is not lying since the natives eat human flesh, which would be barbarous, but its only safe to say that the natives are far from modern day society and the roles. Another piece of evidence that Sepulveda shares is that the natives would â€Å"wage continual and ferocious war upon one another with such fierceness that they did not consider a victory worthwhile unless they sated their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies. (lines 22-24).† This time he proves a point that they would be barbarous, stating that the only reason Natives fight other Natives would be for food. As true as this may be, Sepulveda fails to tell the whole story.Indians would not fight daily for th e flesh of other humans, or else they would be extinct. And hidden to Sepulveda mind, he didn’t think about the diversity of the Natives and their different groups, so it becomes more clear that his Goal is to make them seem like savages so the Spanish would feel more bias on enslaving them rather than them being converted first. On one positive note, it is clear Sepulveda wanted to say something positive about the Natives, saying â€Å"†¦ Although some of them show a certain ingenuity  for various works of artisanship, this is no proof of human cleverness. (lines 28-29).†If all Sepulveda has been saying was negative things, and have one positive note, then it must have really caught is attention that the Natives have a thing for artisanship. This may be a key point in Sepulveda’s persuasion to converting the Natives to slavery. To say they are crafty would show that they are of use to something. This sentence he writes can be easily summarized that they have a talent, but the Spaniards will always be the superior to the Natives, as said in line 33, â€Å" [New Spain] †¦ are considered the most civilized of all.† To break down my analysis of Sepulveda’s article would be easily described in lines 57 and 58 that the â€Å"[Natives] have stated quite clearly that they have been born into slavery and not to civic and liberal life.†All that Sepulveda wants is a group of slaves that would later be converted to Christianity for the use and the good of the Spanish goals. It was clear s day Sepulveda wanted to make the Natives look bad (and good enough) to make the Spanish ruler feel they would come good use to slavery. Broken down into a nutshell, if the Indians look useless enough, but they have â€Å"artisanship,† then what better place to be than slaves. And the goals of the Spaniards are to spread their Christianity, so why not make them Christians as well.

Nicomachean Ethics essays

Nicomachean Ethics essays What is Aristotles Ethical Philosophy? Aristotle seemed to enjoy placing things into categories. He did this with nearly everything he could come up with. He describes humans as occupies space, reproduces, self-moving, and reasons. These qualities being what separates us from other things like animals, plants and inorganic material. On a much deeper level, Aristotle goes on to say that human beings consist of two things, a body, and a soul and they both depend on one another to survive. Aristotles view of the soul varied radically from what Platos definition was. Plato maintained that the soul and body were both separate entities that once the body died, the soul would return to the world of Forms. Aristotle, on the other hand, maintains that the soul is your bodys life force and that when your body dies, logically so does your soul. Another interesting concept that Aristotle proclaims is that all living things have souls. Every plant, every animal, and human being have souls. This is an extremely interesting concept. Th ere are many who have asked the question as to whether or not animals have emotions. It is possible, though Aristotle never clearly touches on the subject in our text, that one could derive an answer to this question based on Aristotles teachings. One could argue that the soul is the powerhouse of emotions, and thus, if all living things have them, then all living things have emotions. One would have to ask the question to themselves whether they believe in the existence of a soul before reviewing all of Aristotles views on the human being as one unit. Aristotle again breaks things down further for us; he enjoys doing this. He explains that there are three main purposes in human life: Firstly, is that the purpose of human life lies in the world we live. This group would exclude many people because most of the people in the world follow organized religion, and mo...

The eNotes Blog Remember More Than Just Rabbits Understanding Of Mice andMen

Remember More Than Just Rabbits Understanding Of Mice andMen When people talk about influential pieces of American literature, there are a few titles you can just about guarantee will be thrown into the discussion, i.e.  To Kill a Mockingbird, Grapes of Wrath, Huckleberry Finn,  and oh yeah,  Of Mice and Men (kudos to Steinbeck for making my  off-the-cuff list twice). Chances are that even if you havent read any of these titles (though that is unlikely, knowing how popularly they are assigned as staples of high school reading lists), you have at the very least  heard of them.Of Mice and Men  is particularly critical to the American literary scene because it discusses a time deeply impactful to American history, the Great Depression. Like  in his other, equally popular novel,  The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck focuses  Of Mice and Men on the lives of poverty-ridden individuals trying to make their ways during this time period. This novel primarily follows George and Lennie, best friends who have secured grueling jobs on a ranch i n California. The two subsequently meet other men in similar positions, though some are older, some are meaner, and some are just the same- all struggling to attain the potentially nonexistent promise of the American Dream. We realize thats a rather rough-and-tumble, not-very-detailed summary of the story, so  heres  a more in-depth synopsis of the novel. Now, lets get started. Why is  Of Mice and Men  (still) so universally appealing? In this day and age, the more specific elements of Steinbecks work arent exactly  relatable. The Great Depression is over (knock on wood), people are no longer legally segregated,  and even the farming industry has evolved with the influence of technology. Regardless,  Of Mice and Men remains a huge part of the literary scene. Why? Steinbeck had an incredible ability to delve into the human psyche in a way that transcends specific experiences and speaks to universal human themes, i.e. friendship, loneliness, and the nature of free will. The unconditional love between characters George and Lennie makes readers consider their own relationships and how far they would go for the most important people in their lives. Its pretty deep and its very touching, even without all of the storys more specific inner workings. Speaking of those universally appealing themes Steinbeck  was an interesting man in many regards, one who took most aspects of his life very seriously. During his years at Stanford where he furthered his skills in writing, Steinbeck spent summers laboring in fields alongside migrant workers, making friends and learning the life stories of people with a much less fortunate upbringing than his own. As a result, the young author undoubtedly gleaned new insight on life and how it differs based on ones upbringing and lived experiences. From here, it can be said that Steinbeck developed his opinions on the matter of free will vs. pre-determination- a topic that becomes an overarching theme in  Of Mice and Men. Also recurring in the novel are themes of relationships,  most thoroughly depicted through the love between George and Lennie, but also through their involvement with other characters. Loneliness, too, plays a large part in the development and eventual climax of the tale, finally  leading to a pessimistic view of the American Dream and its nearly inevitable failures. While the aforementioned four themes are perhaps the most consistent and arguably the most dynamic of the story, there are certainly others that can be called into play, such as the presence of racism, poverty, and uncertainty. What goes into this type of writing? As you can probably imagine, a story this deceptively complex doesnt just  happen; there are a whole bunch of literary techniques and tools that go into crafting a story that is not only interesting, but will also stand the test of time. Of Mice and Men in particular is unusual in that it was written less like a novel and more like a play; Steinbeck himself said that within a year of its publication, he wanted to turn the book into a play. As a result, readers can see that there is no narrative voice, but rather all of the action and description comes about via dialogue between the two main characters: George and Lennie. Not only is this literary technique helpful in adaptation from print to stage, but also it aids the reader in feeling involved with the story- more like a member of a conversation than a disembodied viewer. Equally important is Steinbecks utilization of  parallelism. Parallelism can be defined as the  use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc. This literary device is particularly visible in Steinbecks descriptive language, more particularly still in his characterization of both Lennie and George: Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim jackets with brass buttons,  both wore black, shapeless hats, and both carried tight blanket rolls slung over their shoulders. In other words, the repetitive utilization of both points  less to the authors  lack of a thesaurus and more to his intentional use of a literary tool meant to draw comparisons between these two friends, in spite of the differences between their characters. Can we get some specifics going? Of course! Specifics are always good for furthering ones understanding. Lets take a quick look at those themes of relationships and free will/pre-determination. You may be wondering how those two themes interact- after all, they admittedly seem pretty unrelated, but our pal Steinbeck finds a way to make them work together. As an author, Steinbeck was able to embody his views about peoples lack of free will in a way that wasnt altogether too controversial. He believed that ones life was determined by genetics and the social situation  one was  born into- in other words, he believed that if you were born rich and healthy, you would stay rich and healthy (or at least be able to afford medical care), and likewise those born poor and sick would remain so until their death. Steinbeck was able to convey  this idea in multiple ways through the friendship between George and Lennie. Both characters were born poor during a particularly rough economic period, but additionally, Lennie was born with mental handicaps that made his life more difficult. Lennie was unable to escape his circumstances of not only being poor, but also mentally challenged. For his part, George was stuck in poverty and therefore accepted a job along with Lennie. On multiple occasions, Steinbeck comments on how much easier Georges life would be without Lennie, but because of their brother-like friendship, George stays with Lennie until the end, thus adopting the restrictions of Lennies life  as his own. To make a very long story short: Steinbeck was a talented writer who was able to make the telling of a story as meaningful as the story itself. This handy-dandy readers guide was not written to take the place of reading the novel, but rather to supplement it. The questions addressed here help with ones understanding and interpretation of  Of Mice and Men, but in no way do they take to task everything that makes this novel one of the most outstanding  and powerful in American history.

Radiation Absorbed Dose From 201 TI Thallous chloride Essay

Radiation Absorbed Dose From 201 TI Thallous chloride - Essay Example Thomas SR, Stabin MG Castronovo FP, Radiation-Absorbed Dose from 201Tl-Thallous Chloride. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 46 No. 3 502-508. 2005 by Society of Nuclear Medicine. 02-03-06. Radiation dosimetry for 201Tl-thallous chloride has been developed by several authors1. The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) dose estimates for 201Tl chloride have incorporated values of testicular uptake published by Gupta et al2 and Hosain and Hosain. 1. There is a problem when dosimetry is calculated in this way: the values for testicular uptake at 24h reported by these authors for adults are significantly higher than those reported by other authors e.g., Atkins et al, Krahwinkel et al., Rao et al. 4. Further, the authors estimated the possible contribution to radiation dose from several radioactive contaminants that are often present in 201 Tl preparations, and have evaluated the consequence of administration time relative to preparation. 1. The uptake of 201Tl in the testes after intravenous administration of an isotonic solution is not as high as estimated in some studies, which have formed the basis for recommendation of radiation dosimetry by the ICRP. 2. Since these data have been used to estimate testes radiation dose in children, the corresponding values are also higher; the authors hypothesized that even these values need to be revised downwards. 3. When Thallous chloride is provided as an isotonic solution, the possible contaminants are 200Tl, 202Tl, and 203Pb. With longer shelf life, the contribution of 200Tl decreases whereas that of 202Tl increases. The equipment necessary to perform this research are: (1)Diagnostic exercise myocardial scintigraphy (2)Quantitative testicular scintigraphy (3)Lead vinyl shield (4)201Tl standard vial with saline (5)MIRDOSE

HIPPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HIPPA - Essay Example The health sector across the world has developed various strategies for reducing medical errors and its effects (Becher and Chassin, 2010). These strategies are designed to reduce the increasing cases of medication errors and the impact of such errors on patients’ health. To be certain that the correct drug in the right dosage and route is prescribed to the right person at the right time, health care professionals ought to adopt and make proper use of Bar Code Label Rule. The Bar Code Label Rule requires the introduction of bar code on specified biological products and drugs. The bar code is then used to scan drugs and equipment to ensure proper drug administration. Over years, the Bar Code Label Rule has demonstrated significant contribution in zero rating cases of medication errors. Additionally, educational training on the most effective ways of reducing medication errors is relatively critical to all health care professionals. Training on interventional risk management, emerging medical errors prevention, techniques can also be effective in reducing medication errors as well as promoting team work among health professionals. To counter complications associated with drug name confusion, the health center ought to have a systematic and effective drug labeling mechanism. There is also need for pharmaceutical companies to develop a workable labeling mechanism that will reduce confusion in drug administration. The pharmacy technicians should complete medication history on the medication forms to necessitate correct drug prescription. This would reduce cases of incorrect prescription as in the case of Darnell Mares who was given Topril instead of Topramax. Additionally, cooperation between all stakeholders in hospital settings is also effective in reducing medication errors. Pablo Garca was prescribed with the drugs prescribed for Maria Garcia due to lack of proper communication among health professionals The heath center should consider introducing the